Introduction

Congratulations on making it to one of the last lessons in Foundations! By this point, you have learned many of the fundamentals of JavaScript. In this lesson, you will learn about Objects - a collection of key-value pairs - as well as some more powerful and commonly used array methods.

Before you know it, you’ll have a better understanding of how powerful objects and arrays are and how both can be an indispensable part of your JavaScript tool kit!

Lesson overview

This section contains a general overview of topics that you will learn in this lesson.

• Creating objects.
• Accessing object properties.
• Using multiple object operators.
• Understanding the differences between object and primitive data types.
• Using the map, filter and reduce array methods.

Objects

Objects are a very important part of the JavaScript language, and while for the most part you can accomplish simple and even intermediate tasks without worrying about them, any real project that you’re going to attempt is going to feature Objects. The uses of Objects in JavaScript can get deep relatively quickly, so for the moment we’re only going to cover the basics. There’ll be an in-depth dive later.

1. This JavaScript.info article on objects is the best place to get started.
2. The MDN tutorial on objects isn’t bad either, so check it out if you need another take on the subject.

Differences between objects and primitives

Earlier in the curriculum you’ve learned about primitive data types. Now that you’ve seen the object data type, which includes but is not limited to, objects ({key: value}), arrays, and functions. The main difference between the two is that primitives can contain only a single thing (string, number, etc). Objects data types are used to store a collection of data and more complex entities.

Besides the formal differences, there are also some technical differences which affect how we use each data type. When you define a primitive variable, it will contain a copy of the information provided to it:

let data = 42;
// dataCopy will store a copy of what data contains, so a copy of 42
let dataCopy = data;

// which means that making changes to dataCopy won't affect data
dataCopy = 43;

console.log(data); // 42
console.log(dataCopy); // 43

On the other hand, when you define an object variable, it will contain a reference to the object provided to it:

// obj contains a reference to the object we defined on the right side
const obj = { data: 42 };
// objCopy will contain a reference to the object referenced by obj
const objCopy = obj;

// making changes to objCopy will make changes to the object that it refers to
objCopy.data = 43;

console.log(obj); // { data: 43 }
console.log(objCopy); // { data: 43 }

This behavior isn’t new to you. In your last project, you made changes to the cells in the Etch-A-Sketch grid by using references. Let’s take this code snippet as an example:

const element = document.querySelector("#container");
element.style.backgroundColor = "red";

We’re mutating the variable we declared (element), yet the changes affect the corresponding node in the DOM. Why does it happen? That’s because the node we have in our code is a reference to the same node that our DOM uses. If that wasn’t a reference, but a copy like primitive data types behave, our changes would have no effect! Because the changes would be made to the local copy we have.

This behavior is also something to consider when we pass arguments to a function. Let’s take the following functions for example:

function increaseCounterObject(objectCounter) {
  objectCounter.counter += 1;
}

function increaseCounterPrimitive(primitiveCounter) {
  primitiveCounter += 1;
}

const object = { counter: 0 };
let primitive = 0;

increaseCounterObject(object);
increaseCounterPrimitive(primitive);

Take a moment and guess what will happen to object and what will happen to primitive after we make the function calls.

If you answered that the object counter would increase by 1, and the primitive counter wouldn’t change, you’re correct. Remember that the parameter objectCounter contains a reference to the same object as the object variable we gave it, while primitiveCounter only contains a copy of the primitive value.

let animal = { species: "dog" };
let dog = animal;

// reassigning animal variable with a completely new object
animal = { species: "cat" };

console.log(animal); // { species: "cat" }
console.log(dog); // { species: "dog" }

Intermediate/advanced array magic

Besides being a quick and handy way to store data, arrays also have a set of functions for manipulating that data in very powerful ways. Once you begin to master these functions you will start to see ways to use them all over the place! There are really only a handful of these functions, but as you’ll soon see, the possibilities of what you can do with them are near endless.

As an example of what we mean, let’s consider a sumOfTripledEvens function. It will:

1. Take in an array.
2. For every even number, it will triple it.
3. Then it will sum all those even numbers.

Can you try thinking of how you could implement a function like that using pseudocode?

1. We need to perform an operation only on the even numbers.
2. We need to transform those numbers by multiplying them by 3.
3. Finally, we need to add the result up from the previous transformation.

So using that logic, you may end up implementing something like this:

function sumOfTripledEvens(array) {
  let sum = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
    // Step 1: If the element is an even number
    if (array[i] % 2 === 0) {
      // Step 2: Multiply this number by three
      const tripleEvenNumber = array[i] * 3;

      // Step 3: Add the new number to the total
      sum += tripleEvenNumber;
    }
  }
  return sum;
}

In the above code, there are 3 important snippets to consider:

• if (array[i] % 2 === 0): checks if a given number is even.
• array[i] * 3;: multiply this number by three.
• sum += tripleEvenNumber: add that number to the total.

Every single piece solves a crucial problem with our code. But it is possible to make the function more concise and readable by using some built-in array methods. These methods are slightly more complicated than you’ve been used to, so let’s take a moment to understand how to use them.

The map method

map is one such function. It expects a callback as an argument, which is a fancy way to say “I want you to pass another function as an argument to my function”.

Let’s say we had a function addOne, which takes in num as an argument and outputs that num increased by 1. And let’s say we had an array of numbers, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] and we’d like to increment all of these numbers by 1 using our addOne function. Instead of making a for loop and iterating over the above array, we could use our map array method instead, which automatically iterates over an array for us. We don’t need to do any extra work aside from simply passing the function we want to use in:

function addOne(num) {
  return num + 1;
}
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const mappedArr = arr.map(addOne);
console.log(mappedArr); // Outputs [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

map returns a new array and does not change the original array.

// The original array has not been changed!
console.log(arr); // Outputs [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

This is a much more elegant approach, what do you think? For simplicity, we could also define an inline function right inside of map like so:

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const mappedArr = arr.map((num) => num + 1);
console.log(mappedArr); // Outputs [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

The filter method

filter is somewhat similar to map. It still iterates through the array and applies the callback function on every item. However, instead of transforming the values in the array, it returns the original values of the array, but only IF the callback function returns true. Let’s say we had a function, isOdd that returns either true if a number is odd or false if it isn’t.

The filter method expects the callback to return either true or false. If it returns true, the value is included in the output. Otherwise, it isn’t. Consider the array from our previous example, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. If we wanted to remove all even numbers from this array, we could use .filter() like this:

function isOdd(num) {
  return num % 2 !== 0;
}
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const oddNums = arr.filter(isOdd);
console.log(oddNums); // Outputs [1, 3, 5];
console.log(arr); // Outputs [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], original array is not affected

• filter will iterate through arr and pass every value into the isOdd callback function, one at a time.
• isOdd will return true when the value is odd, which means this value is included in the output.
• If it’s an even number, isOdd will return false and not include it in the final output.

The reduce method

Finally, let’s say that we wanted to multiply all of the numbers in our arr together like this: 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5. First, we’d have to declare a variable total and initialize it to 1. Then, we’d iterate through the array with a for loop and multiply the total by the current number.

But we don’t actually need to do all of that, we have our reduce method that will do the job for us. Just like .map() and .filter() it expects a callback function. However, there are two key differences with this array method:

• The callback function takes two arguments instead of one. The first argument is the accumulator, which is the current value of the result at that point in the loop. The first time through, this value will either be set to the initialValue (described in the next bullet point), or the first element in the array if no initialValue is provided. The second argument for the callback is the current value, which is the item currently being iterated on.
• It also takes in an initialValue as a second argument (after the callback), which helps when we don’t want our initial value to be the first element in the array. For instance, if we wanted to sum all numbers in an array, we could call reduce without an initialValue, but if we wanted to sum all numbers in an array and add 10, we could use 10 as our initialValue.

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const productOfAllNums = arr.reduce((total, currentItem) => {
  return total * currentItem;
}, 1);
console.log(productOfAllNums); // Outputs 120;
console.log(arr); // Outputs [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

In the above function, we:

• Pass in a callback function, which is (total, currentItem) => total * currentItem.
• Initialize total to 1 in the second argument.

So what .reduce() will do, is it will once again go through every element in arr and apply the callback function to it. It then changes total, without actually changing the array itself. After it’s done, it returns total.

Summary

You’ve learnt about the three powerful array methods which are map, filter and reduce. They allow us to write shorter code that is more readable and less prone to bugs.

For a quick recap of these array methods, consider this picture which should visually explain them in terms of sandwiches:

Let’s do some quick practice before your assignment! Rewrite the sumOfTripledEvens(array) function using these three methods.

Once you are finished and you’ve tested that your function works correctly, check out the solution below.

function sumOfTripledEvens(array) {
  return array
    .filter((num) => num % 2 === 0)
    .map((num) => num * 3)
    .reduce((acc, curr) => acc + curr);
}

Assignment

Knowledge check

The following questions are an opportunity to reflect on key topics in this lesson. If you can’t answer a question, click on it to review the material, but keep in mind you are not expected to memorize or master this knowledge.

• What is the difference between objects and arrays?
• How do you access object properties?
• How do primitives and object types differ when you assign them to other variables, or pass them into functions?
• What is Array.prototype.map() useful for?
• What is Array.prototype.filter() useful for?
• What is Array.prototype.reduce() useful for?

Additional resources

This section contains helpful links to related content. It isn’t required, so consider it supplemental.

• Learn about the arguments object on this page about function parameters.